Authors : Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu , Nadir Adam , Cristiano Tapparello , Hoda Ayatollahi , Wendi Heinzelman Authors Info & Claims
Article No.: 10, Pages 1 - 50 Published : 27 April 2018 Publication History 275 citation 6,551 Downloads Total Citations 275 Total Downloads 6,551 Last 12 Months 969 Last 6 weeks 78 Get Citation AlertsThis alert has been successfully added and will be sent to: You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.
To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below. Manage my AlertsWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are crucial in supporting continuous environmental monitoring, where sensor nodes are deployed and must remain operational to collect and transfer data from the environment to a base-station. However, sensor nodes have limited energy in their primary power storage unit, and this energy may be quickly drained if the sensor node remains operational over long periods of time. Therefore, the idea of harvesting ambient energy from the immediate surroundings of the deployed sensors, to recharge the batteries and to directly power the sensor nodes, has recently been proposed. The deployment of energy harvesting in environmental field systems eliminates the dependency of sensor nodes on battery power, drastically reducing the maintenance costs required to replace batteries. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art in energy-harvesting WSNs for environmental monitoring applications, including Animal Tracking, Air Quality Monitoring, Water Quality Monitoring, and Disaster Monitoring to improve the ecosystem and human life. In addition to presenting the technologies for harvesting energy from ambient sources and the protocols that can take advantage of the harvested energy, we present challenges that must be addressed to further advance energy-harvesting-based WSNs, along with some future work directions to address these challenges.
A. I. Abdu and M. Salamah. 2011. Energy-aware transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks. In Recent Trends in Wireless and Mobile Networks. Springer, 135--144.
M. Abo-Zahhad, M. Farrag, A. Ali, and O. Amin. 2015. An energy consumption model for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Energy Aware Computing Systems Applications (ICEAC’15). IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, 1--4.
F. Adamo, F. Attivissimo, C. G. C. Carducci, and A. M. L. Lanzolla. 2015. A smart sensor network for sea water quality monitoring. IEEE Sensors J. 15, 5 (2015), 2514--2522.
S. Akbari. 2014. Energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks review. In Proceedings of the 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS). IEEE, 987--992.
F. Akhtar and M. H. Rehmani. 2015. Energy replenishment using renewable and traditional energy resources for sustainable wireless sensor networks: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 45 (2015), 769--784.
F. Akhtar and M. H. Rehmani. 2017. Energy harvesting for self-sustainable wireless body area networks. IT Profess. 19, 2 (2017), 32--40.
K. Akkaya and M. Younis. 2003. An energy-aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops. IEEE. 710--715.
I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. 2002. Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Comput. Networks 38, 4 (2002), 393--422.
C. Alippi, G. Anastasi, M. Di Francesco, and M. Roveri. 2009. Energy management in wireless sensor networks with energy-hungry sensors. IEEE Instrument. Measure. Mag. 12, 2 (2009), 16--23.
C. Alippi, R. Camplani, C. Galperti, and M. Roveri. 2011. A robust, adaptive, solar-powered WSN framework for aquatic environmental monitoring. IEEE Sensors J. 11, 1 (Jan 2011), 45--55.
M. K. Amruta and M. T. Satish. 2013. Solar powered water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Mutli-Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s’13). 281--285.
I. Amundson and X. D. Koutsoukos. 2009. A survey on localization for mobile wireless sensor networks. In Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments. Springer, New York, NY, 235--254.
A. Aprem, C. R. Murthy, and N. B. Mehta. 2013. Transmit power control policies for energy-harvesting sensors with retransmissions. IEEE J. Select. Topics Signal Process. 7, 5 (2013), 895--906.
A. Arafa and S. Ulukus. 2015. Optimal policies for wireless networks with energy harvesting transmitters and receivers: Effects of decoding costs. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 33, 12 (2015), 2611--2625.
H. Ayatollahi, C. Tapparello, and W. Heinzelman. 2015. Transmitter-receiver energy efficiency: A trade-off in MIMO wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC’15). IEEE, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1476--1481.
N. A. A. Aziz and K. A. Aziz. 2011. Managing disaster with wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT’11). IEEE, 202--207.
T. Azzabi, H. Farhat, and N. Sahli. 2017. A survey on wireless sensor networks security issues and military specificities. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Advanced Systems and Electric Technologies (IC_ASET’17). IEEE, 66--72.
A. Bachir, M. Dohler, T. Watteyne, and K. K. Leung. 2010. MAC essentials for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 12, 2 (Second 2010), 222--248.
S. Bader, X. Ma, and B. Oelmann. 2014. On the modeling of solar-powered wireless sensor nodes. J. Sensor Actuator Networks 3, 3 (2014), 207--223.
S. Baghaee, S. Chamanian, H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, E. Uysal-Biyikoglu, and H. Kulah. 2014. Demonstration of energy-neutral operation on a WSN testbed using vibration energy harvesting. In Proceedinbgs of the 20th European Wireless Conference. IEEE, 1--6.
J. Bai, M. Fan, J. Yang, Y. Sun, and C. Phillips. 2015. Smart energy-harvesting routing protocol for WSN based E-health systems. In Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 23--28.
Q. Bai and J. A. Nossek. 2013. Modulation and coding optimization for energy-harvesting transmitters. In Proceedings of 2013 9th International ITG Conference on Systems, Communication and Coding (SCC’13). IEEE, Munchen, Deutschland, 1--6.
S. Banerji, A. Bagchi, and S. Khazaeli. 2016. STR-991: Energy-Harvesting Methods for Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensors: A Review. (2016).
U. Baroudi and A. Al-Roubaiey. 2014. Mobile radio frequency charger for wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC’14). IEEE, 730--734.
S. Basagni, M. Conti, S. Giordano, and I. Stojmenovic. 2013. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: The Cutting Edge Directions. Vol. 35. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Battery University. 2016. What’s the Best Battery? (2016). Retrieved from http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_best_battery.
S. S. Beheshtiha, H. Tan, and M. Sabaei. 2012. Opportunistic routing with adaptive harvesting-aware duty cycling in energy-harvesting WSN. In Proceedings of the 2012 15th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC’12). IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, 90--94.
D. Benedetti, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2013. GreenCastalia: An energy-harvesting-enabled framework for the castalia simulator. In Proceedings of the Conference on ENSSys.
L. Berbakov, C. Antón-Haro, and J. Matamoros. 2013. Optimal transmission policy for cooperative transmission with energy harvesting and battery operated sensor nodes. Signal Process. 93, 11 (2013), 3159--3170.
C. Bergonzini, D. Brunelli, and L. Benini. 2009. Algorithms for harvested energy prediction in batteryless wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI’09). IEEE, 144--149.
S. Bhattacharya, S. Sridevi, and R. Pitchiah. 2012. Indoor air quality monitoring using wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2012 Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST’12). IEEE, Kolkata, India, 422--427.
P. T. V. Bhuvaneswari, R. Balakumar, V. Vaidehi, and P. Balamuralidhar. 2009. Solar energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSYN’09). IEEE, 57--61.
P. Blasco, D. Gunduz, and M. Dohler. 2013. A learning theoretic approach to energy-harvesting communication system optimization. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 12, 4 (2013), 1872--1882.
L. M. Borges, R. Chávez-Santiago, N. Barroca, F. J. Velez, and I. Balasingham. 2015. Radio-frequency energy harvesting for wearable sensors. Healthcare Technol. Lett. 2, 1 (2015), 22--27.
A. Boukerche. 2008. Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Vol. 77. John Wiley 8 Sons, New Jersey.
S. M. Bozorgi, M. G. Amiri, A. S. Rostami, and F. Mohanna. 2015. A novel dynamic multi-hop clustering protocol based on renewable energy for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI’15). IEEE, 619--624.
R. Bube. 2012. Fundamentals of Solar Cells: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
B. Buchli, F. Sutton, J. Beutel, and L. Thiele. 2014. Dynamic power management for long-term energy-neutral operation of solar energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 31--45.
H. Byun, S. Son, and J. So. 2013. Queue management based duty cycle control for end-to-end delay guarantees in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks 19, 6 (2013), 1349--1360.
P. Cahill, R. O’Keeffe, N. Jackson, A. Mathewson, and V. Pakrashi. 2014. Structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete beam using piezoelectric energy-harvesting system. In Proceedings of the 7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSIIM’14).
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2012. Pro-Energy: A novel energy prediction model for solar and wind energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’12). IEEE, 75--83.
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2013. Improving energy predictions in EH-WSNs with pro-energy-VLT. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, 41.
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2016. Online energy-harvesting prediction in environmentally powered wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal 16, 17 (2016), 6793--6804.
A. Cammarano, D. Spenza, and C. Petrioli. 2013. Energy-harvesting WSNs for structural health monitoring of underground train tunnels. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS’13). IEEE, 75--76.
J. V. Capella, A. Bonastre, R. Ors, and M. Peris. 2013. In line river monitoring of nitrate concentration by means of a wireless sensor network with energy harvesting. Sensors Actuators B: Chem. 177 (2013), 419--427.
C. Carmona, B. Alorda, and M. A. Ribot. 2014. Energy consumption savings in ZigBee-based WSN adjusting power transmission at application layer. In Proceedings of the 2014 24th International Workshop on Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation (PATMOS’14). IEEE, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 1--6.
A. Castagnetti, A. Pegatoquet, C. Belleudy, and M. Auguin. 2012. A framework for modeling and simulating energy-harvesting WSN nodes with efficient power management policies. EURASIP J. Embed. Syst. 2012, 1 (2012), 1--20.
A. Castagnetti, A. Pegatoquet, T. Le, and M. Auguin. 2014. A joint duty-cycle and transmission power management for energy-harvesting WSN. IEEE Trans. Industr. Info. 10, 2 (2014), 928--936.
Castalia. 2016. Castalia Wireless Sensor Network Simulator. (2016). Retrieved from https://castalia.forge.nicta.com.au.
P. Castiglione and G. Matz. 2014. Energy-neutral source-channel coding with battery and memory size constraints. IEEE Trans. Commun. 62, 4 (April 2014), 1373--1381.
P. Castiglione, O. Simeone, E. Erkip, and T. Zemen. 2011. Energy harvesting for source-channel coding in cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the 2011 4th IEEE International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP’11). IEEE, 189--192.
P. Castiglione, O. Simeone, E. Erkip, and T. Zemen. 2012. Energy management policies for energy-neutral source-channel coding. IEEE Trans. Commun. 60, 9 (2012), 2668--2678.
R. Cavallari, F. Martelli, R. Rosini, C. Buratti, and R. Verdone. 2014. A survey on wireless body area networks: Technologies and design challenges. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 16, 3 (2014), 1635--1657.
A. Chandrakasan, R. Amirtharajah, S. Cho, J. Goodman, G. Konduri, J. Kulik, W. Rabiner, and A. Wang. 1999. Design considerations for distributed microsensor systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Conference on Custom Integrated Circuits. IEEE, 279--286.
C. Chen and P. H. Chou. 2010. DuraCap: A supercapacitor-based, power-bootstrapping, maximum power point tracking energy-harvesting system. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. ACM, 313--318.
F. Chen, I. Dietrich, R. German, and F. Dressler. 2009. An energy model for simulation studies of wireless sensor networks using OMNeT++. Praxis Der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation 32, 2 (July 2009), 133--138.
L. Chen, S. Cool, H. Ba, W. Heinzelman, I. Demirkol, U. Muncuk, K. Chowdhury, and S. Basagni. 2013. Range extension of passive wake-up radio systems through energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’13). IEEE, Budapest, Hungary, 1549--1554.
Y. Chen and Q. Zhao. 2005. On the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 9, 11 (2005), 976--978.
Z. Chen, G. C. Fen-ante, H. H. Yang, and T. Q. S. Quek. 2017. Capacity bounds on energy-harvesting binary symmetric channels with finite battery. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’17). IEEE, 1--5.
M. Cheng, Y. Chen, H. Wei, and W. K. G. Seah. 2013. Event-driven energy-harvesting wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 38th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’13). IEEE, 364--372.
W. Cheng, Y. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Yin, and D. Li. 2015. An improved routing scheme for wireless sensor networks with hybrid energy storage system. In Proceeddings of the 2015 IEEE 10th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA’15). IEEE, 151--154.
K. Chottirapong, S. Manatrinon, P. Dangsakul, and N. Kwankeow. 2015. Design of energy-harvesting thermoelectric generator with wireless sensors in organic fertilizer plant. In Proceedings of the 2015 6th International Conference of Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (IC-ICTES’15). IEEE, Hua-Hin, Thailand, 1--6.
S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith, and A. Bahai. 2004. Energy-efficiency of MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 22, 6 (2004), 1089--1098.
R. Dall’Ora, U. Raza, D. Brunelli, and G. P. Picco. 2014. SensEH: From Simulation to Deployment of Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report. University of Trento.
J. Davidson, M. Collins, and S. Behrens. 2009. Thermal energy harvesting between the air/water interface for powering wireless sensor nodes. Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE’09) vol. 7288, pp. 728814--1--728814--11. Retrieved from http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/9377/.
G. M. de Araújo, J. Kaiser, and L. B. Becker. 2012. An optimized markov model to predict link quality in mobile wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC’12). IEEE, Cappadocia, Turkey, 000307--000312.
G. M. de Araújo, A. Pinto, J. Kaiser, and L. B. Becker. 2014. Genetic machine learning approach for link quality prediction in mobile wireless sensor networks. In Cooperative Robots and Sensor Networks. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1--18.
A. Devasena and B. Sowmya. 2015. Wireless sensor network in disaster management. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8, 15 (2015), 6.
D. Dondi, A. Bertacchini, D. Brunelli, L. Larcher, and L. Benini. 2008. Modeling and optimization of a solar energy harvester system for self-powered wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 55, 7 (July 2008), 2759--2766.
P. Dutta, M. Grimmer, A. Arora, S. Bibyk, and D. Culler. 2005. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’05). IEEE, 497--502.
EnOcean. 2012. Scavenger Transceiver Module STM 300 / STM 300C / STM 300U. Retrieved from https://www.enocean.com/en/enocean_modules_315mhz/stm-300c-user-manual.pdf.
D. Estrin, A. Sayeed, and M. Srivastava. 2002. Wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Tutorial at the 8th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’02), Vol. 255. ACM, New York, NY.
Z. A. Eu and H. Tan. 2012. Adaptive opportunistic routing protocol for energy -harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’12). IEEE, 318--322.
Z. A. Eu, H. Tan, and W. K. Seah. 2010. Opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. Comput. Networks 54, 17 (2010), 2943--2966.
Z. A. Eu, H. Tan, and W. K. Seah. 2011. Design and performance analysis of MAC schemes for wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. Ad Hoc Networks 9, 3 (2011), 300--323.
L. Evers, P. J. M. Havinga, J. Kuper, M. E. M. Lijding, and N. Meratnia. 2007. Sensorscheme: Supply chain management automation using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’07). IEEE, 448--455.
X. Fafoutis and N. Dragoni. 2011. ODMAC: An on-demand MAC protocol for energy-harvesting-wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks. ACM, New York, NY, 49--56.
Z. Fan and X. Liu. 2016. Energy synchronized transmission control for energy-harvesting sensor networks. Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control 11, 2 (2016), 194--208.
L. Fu, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Chen, and T. He. 2013. Minimizing charging delay in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2013. IEEE, 2922--2930.
L. Fu, L. He, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Pan, and J. Chen. 2016. ESync: Energy synchronized mobile charging in rechargeable wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 65, 9 (2016), 7415--7431.
C. Fujii and W. K. Seah. 2011. Multi-tier probabilistic polling in wireless sensor networks powered by energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP’11). IEEE, 383--388.
C. F. García-Hernández, P. H. Ibarguengoytia-Gonzalez, J. García-Hernández, and J. Pérez-Díaz. 2007. Wireless sensor networks and applications: A survey. IJCSNS Int. J. Comput. Sci. Network Secur. 7, 3 (2007), 264--273.
J. M. Gilbert and F. Balouchi. 2008. Comparison of energy-harvesting systems for wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Automat. Comput. 5, 4 (2008), 334--347.
P. Gong, Q. Xu, and T. Chen. 2014. Energy-harvesting aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP’14). IEEE, Manchester, UK, 171--176.
A. González, R. Aquino, W. Mata, A. Ochoa, P. Saldaña, and A. Edwards. 2012. Open-wise: A solar powered wireless sensor network platform. Sensors 12, 6 (2012), 8204--8217.
Tecate Group. 2016. Ultracapacitor and Supercapacitor Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www.tecategroup.com/ultracapacitors-supercapacitors/ultracapacitor-FAQ.php.
Y. Gu, L. He, T. Zhu, and T. He. 2014. Achieving energy-synchronized communication in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 13, 2s (2014), 68.
Y. Gu, T. Zhu, and T. He. 2009. ESC: Energy synchronized communication in sustainable sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP’09). IEEE, 52--62.
D. Gunduz, K. Stamatiou, N. Michelusi, and M. Zorzi. 2014. Designing intelligent energy-harvesting communication systems. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52, 1 (January 2014), 210--216.
K. Gupta and V. Sikka. 2015. Design issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 112, 4 (2015), 26--32.
M. S. Halper and J. C. Ellenbogen. 2006. Supercapacitors: A brief overview. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA (2006), 1--34.
G. Han, Y. Dong, H. Guo, L. Shu, and D. Wu. 2015. Cross-layer optimized routing in wireless sensor networks with duty cycle and energy harvesting. Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput. 15, 16 (2015), 1957--1981.
A. Hande, R. Bridgelall, and B. Zoghi. 2010. Vibration energy harvesting for disaster asset monitoring using active RFID tags. Proc. IEEE 98, 9 (Sept 2010), 1620--1628.
S. He, J. Chen, F. Jiang, D. K. Y. Yau, G. Xing, and Y. Sun. 2013. Energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 12, 10 (2013), 1931--1942.
M. Heissenbüttel, T. Braun, T. Bernoulli, and M. WäLchli. 2004. BLR: Beacon-less routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks. Comput. Commun. 27, 11 (2004), 1076--1086.
J. Hester, T. Scott, and J. Sorber. 2014. Ekho: Realistic and repeatable experimentation for tiny energy-harvesting sensors. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys’14). ACM, New York, NY, 1--15.
T. D. Hieu, B. Kim et al. 2016. Stability-aware geographic routing in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. Sensors 16, 5 (2016), 696.
J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, A. Kansal, M. Srivastava, and V. Raghunathan. 2006. Adaptive duty cycling for energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design. ACM, New York, NY, 180--185.
X. Hu, B. Wang, and H. Ji. 2013. A wireless sensor network-based structural health monitoring system for highway bridges. Comput.-Aided Civil Infrastruct. Eng. 28, 3 (2013), 193--209.
L. Huang and M. J. Neely. 2013. Utility optimal scheduling in energy-harvesting networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. (TON) 21, 4 (2013), 1117--1130.
P. Huang, L. Xiao, S. Soltani, M. W. Mutka, and N. Xi. 2013. The evolution of MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 15, 1 (First 2013), 101--120.
F. Ingelrest, G. Barrenetxea, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and M. Parlange. 2010. SensorScope: Application-specific sensor network for environmental monitoring. ACM Trans. Sen. Network. 6, 2, Article 17 (March 2010), 32 pages.
National Instruments. 2015a. Using Energy-Harvesting Devices with National Instruments Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/white-paper/12128/en/.
Texas Instruments. 2013a. MIXED SIGNAL MICROCONTROLLER. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430g2231.pdf.
Texas Instruments. 2013b. MIXED SIGNAL MICROCONTROLLER. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430g2553.pdf.
Texas Instruments. 2015b. bq25570 Nano Power Boost Charger and Buck Converter for Energy Harvester Powered Applications. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq25570.pdf.
M. K. Jakobsen, J. Madsen, and M. R. Hansen. 2010. DEHAR: A distributed energy-harvesting aware routing algorithm for ad-hoc multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM’10). IEEE, 1--9.
S. Jang, H. Jo, S. Cho, K. Mechitov, J. A. Rice, S. Sim, H. Jung, C. B. Yun, B. F. Spencer Jr, and G. Agha. 2010. Structural health monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge using smart sensor technology: Deployment and evaluation. Smart Structures and Systems 6, 5-6 (2010), 439--459.
X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler. 2005. Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’05). IEEE, 463--468.
O. Jumira, R. Wolhuter, and S. Zeadally. 2013. Energy-efficient beaconless geographic routing in energy harvested wireless sensor networks. Concurr. Comput.: Pract. Exper. 25, 1 (2013), 58--84.
S. Kahrobaee and M. C. Vuran. 2013. Vibration energy harvesting for wireless underground sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’13). IEEE, 1543--1548.
A. Kansal, J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, and M. B. Srivastava. 2007. Power management in energy-harvesting sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 6, 4 (2007), 32.
A. Kansal and M. B. Srivastava. 2005. Distributed energy harvesting for energy-neutral sensor networks. IEEE Pervas. Comput. 4 (2005), 69--70.
J. S. Karthi, S. V. Rao, and S. S. Pillai. 2015. Duty cycle adapted MAC for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Control Communication & Computing India (ICCC’15). IEEE, 685--690.
A. Z. Kausar, A. W. Reza, M. U. Saleh, and H. Ramiah. 2014. Energizing wireless sensor networks by energy-harvesting systems: Scopes, challenges and approaches. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 38 (2014), 973--989.
Y. Kawahara, V. Lakafosis, Y. Sawakami, H. Nishimoto, and T. Asami. 2009. Design issues for energy-harvesting-enabled wireless sensing systems. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC’09). IEEE, 2248--2251.
KCF. 2014. Solar Energy Harvester. Retrieved from https://www.kcftech.com/smartdiagnostics/resources/data%20sheets/KCF_Solar_data_sheet_web.pdf.
R. Khajuria and S. Gupta. 2015. Energy optimization and lifetime enhancement techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Computing, Communication & Automation (ICCCA’15). IEEE, Noida, India, 396--402.
S. Khalifa, M. Hassan, and A. Seneviratne. 2015. Pervasive self-powered human activity recognition without the accelerometer. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom’15). IEEE, 79--86.
W. Z. Khan, N. M. Saad, and M. Y. Aalsalem. 2012. An overview of evaluation metrics for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS’12), Vol. 2. IEEE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 588--593.
K. K. Khedo, R. Perseedoss, A. Mungur et al. 2010. A wireless sensor network air pollution monitoring system. Int. J. Wireless Mobile Networks 2, 2 (2010), 31--45.
J. Kim and J. Lee. 2011a. Energy adaptive MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks with RF energy transfer. In Proceedings of the 2011 Third International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN’11). IEEE, 89--94.
J. Kim and J. Lee. 2011b. Performance analysis of the energy adaptive MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks with RF energy transfer. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on ICT Convergence (ICTC’11). IEEE, 14--19.
S. Kim, S. Pakzad, D. Culler, J. Demmel, G. Fenves, S. Glaser, and M. Turon. 2007. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’07). IEEE, 254--263.
Y. Kim, C. W. Park, and T. Lee. 2014. MAC protocol for energy-harvesting users in cognitive radio networks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC’14). ACM, New York, NY.
M. Kochlan, S. Zak, J. Micek, and J. Milanova. 2015. Control unit for power subsystem of a wireless sensor node. In Proceedings of the 2015 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS’15). IEEE, 1239--1246.
A. Kollias and I. Nikolaidis. 2015. Seasonally aware routing for thermoelectric energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS’15). IEEE, 1--11.
A. Koubaa, M. Alves, and E. Tovar. 2006. Modeling and worst-case dimensioning of cluster-tree wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’06). IEEE, 412--421.
O. Kovář. 2013. Power unit based on supercapacitors and solar cell module. In Proceedings in Scientific Conference. EDIS Publishing Institution of the University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic, 468--471.
M. Ku, W. Li, Y. Chen, and K. J. R. Liu. 2016. Advances in energy-harvesting communications: Past, present, and future challenges. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 18, 2 (2016), 1384--1412.
M. Kunikawa, H. Yomo, K. Abe, and T. Ito. 2015. A fair polling scheme for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC’15). IEEE, 1--5.
P. J. Landrigan and R. Fuller. 2016. Pollution, health and development: The need for a new paradigm. Rev. Environ. Health 31, 1 (2016), 121--124.
M. T. Lazarescu. 2015. Design and field test of a WSN platform prototype for long-term environmental monitoring. Sensors 15, 4 (2015), 9481--9518.
T. N. Le, A. Pegatoquet, O. Berder, and O. Sentieys. 2015. Energy-efficient power manager and MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks powered by periodic energy-harvesting sources. IEEE Sensors J. 15, 12 (2015), 7208--7220.
R. Lee, K. Chen, C. Lai, S. Chiang, H. Liu, and M. Wei. 2007. A backup routing with wireless sensor network for bridge monitoring system. Measurement 40, 1 (2007), 55--63.
V. Leonov. 2013. Thermoelectric energy harvesting of human body heat for wearable sensors. IEEE Sensors J. 13, 6 (2013), 2284--2291.
J. Li and D. Liu. 2015. DPSO-based clustering routing algorithm for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP’15). IEEE, 1--5.
Y. Li, L. Fu, Y. Ying, Y. Sun, K. Chi, and Y. Zhu. 2017. Goodput optimization via dynamic frame length and charging time adaptation for backscatter communication. Peer-to-Peer Network. Appl. 10, 3 (2017), 440--452.
Y. Li and R. Shi. 2015. An intelligent solar energy-harvesting system for wireless sensor networks. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Network. 2015, 1 (2015), 1--12.
Y. Li, H. Yu, B. Su, and Y. Shang. 2008. Hybrid micropower source for wireless sensor network. IEEE Sensors J. 8, 6 (June 2008), 678--681.
Libelium. 2016. Waspmote Plug and Sense!Technical Guide. Retrieved from http://www.libelium.com/products/plug-sense/technical-overview.
T. B. Lim, N. M. Lee, and B. K. Poh. 2013. Feasibility study on ambient RF energy harvesting for wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO’13). IEEE, 1--3.
S. Lin, J. Zhang, G. Zhou, L. Gu, J. A. Stankovic, and T. He. 2006. ATPC: Adaptive transmission power control for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 223--236.
H. I. Liu, W. J. He, and W. K. Seah. 2014. LEB-MAC: Load and energy balancing MAC protocol for energy-harvesting powered wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 20th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS’14). IEEE, 584--591.
T. Liu and A. E. Cerpa. 2014. Data-driven link quality prediction using link features. ACM Trans. Sensor Networks (TOSN) 10, 2 (2014), 37.
O. López-Lapeña, M. T. Penella, and M. Gasulla. 2010. A new MPPT method for low-power solar energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 57, 9 (2010), 3129--3138.
C. Lu, V. Raghunathan, and K. Roy. 2010. Maximum power point considerations in micro-scale solar energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS’10). 273--276.
J. Lu and K. Whitehouse. 2012. SunCast: Fine-grained prediction of natural sunlight levels for improved daylight harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’12). IEEE, Beijing, China, 245--256.
X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and Z. Han. 2015. Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 17, 2 (2015), 757--789.
J. P. Lynch and K. J. Loh. 2006. A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring. Shock Vibrat. Digest 38, 2 (2006), 91--130.
L. Ma, B. Li, Z. B. Yang, J. Du, and J. Wang. 2014. A new combination prediction model for short-term wind farm output power based on meteorological data collected by wsn. Int. J. Control Autom. 7 (2014), 171--180.
C. V. Mahamuni. 2016. A military surveillance system based on wireless sensor networks with extended coverage life. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in Signal Processing, Information Computing and Communication (ICGTSPICC’16). IEEE, 375--381.
W. Mao and B. Hassibi. 2017. Capacity analysis of discrete energy-harvesting channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, 9 (2017), 5850--5885.
Marlow. 2016. TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Preliminary EHA-LXXAN1-R02-L1. Retrieved from http://www.marlow.com/downloads/dl/file/id/26/product/181/eha_lxxlxx_r01_l1_pre_production.pdf.
G. Martinez, S. Li, and C. Zhou. 2014a. Multi-commodity online maximum lifetime utility routing for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings fo the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 106--111.
G. Martinez, S. Li, and C. Zhou. 2014b. Wastage-aware routing in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors J. 14, 9 (2014), 2967--2974.
J. Meng, X. Zhang, Y. Dong, and X. Lin. 2012. Adaptive energy-harvesting aware clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 7th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM’12). IEEE, 742--747.
G. V. Merrett, N. M. White, N. R. Harris, and B. M. Al-Hashimi. 2009. Energy-aware simulation for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE SECON.
